In protein research, the term may apply to either the object of study or the laboratory technique required to manufacture protein. The latter interpretation of protein expression is the one that this article concentrates on. However, in practical terms, recombinant protein production depends on using cellular machinery.
Proteins are synthesized and regularly spend on the functional requirement of the cell. The blueprints for protein are stored in DNA and decoded by highly regulated tractional processes to develop messenger RNA. The message code Bay RNA is then translated into a protein.
Transcription is the transfer of information from DNA to mRNA and translation is the synthesis of protein based on sequence specified by mRNA. Transcription and translation take place in prokaryotes. The translation of mRNA begins even before a mature transcript is fully synthesized.
In this Blog, Further, we’ll try to Understand the Concepts of Protein Expression
Transcription And Translation
Transcription occurs in 3 steps in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes initiation, elongation, and termination. Transcription starts when the double-stranded DNA is unwound to permit the binding of RNA polymerase. RNA polymerase is released from the DNA after the transcription process initiates.
At multiple levels, chromatin structure in eukaryotes and diverse components acting as activators and repressors control transcription. In prokaryotes, no special modification of mRNA is needed and translation of the message starts even before the transcription is complete.
Translation or protein synthesis is a multi-step process that needs macromolecules like ribosomes to transfer RNAs, mRNA, and protein factors as well as small molecules like amino acid ATP, GTP, and other co-factors there are many specific protein factors for each step of translation. Despite certain specific distinctions, the general process is the same in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Post-Translational Modification
After translation, polypeptides are modified in many ways to finish their construction, designate their location or regulate their activity within the cell. Post-translational modifications are many additional or alterations to the chemical structure and are important aspects of overall cell biology. Kinds of post-translational modification include the ones below.
- Polypeptide folding into a globular protein with the help of chaperone protein to arrive at the lowest energy state
- Modification of the amino acid present like removal of the first methionine residue
- Disulfide formation or reduction
- Protein modification that facilities binding function
- Glycosylation
- Prenylation of protein for membrane localization
- Acetylation of histones to modify DNA
- Additional functional groups that regulate protein activity
- Phosphorylation
- Nitrosylation
- GTP binding
Recombinant Protein Expression Method
Proteomics research usually starts with an initial investigation of protein structure, function, modifications, localization, and protein interactions. The proteins regulate biology and how they do is part of the investigation. Researchers usually investigate proteins with functional aspects and importance in living cells.
Conclusion
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